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In the weeks since the nomination by U.S. President Donald Trump of Judge Brett Kavanaugh to the U.S. Supreme Court, American Jewish organizations have expressed mixed reactions to his sitting on the highest bench in the country. Those reactions generally reflected where each group stands on the ideological spectrum, ranging from celebration by groups that advocate for religious liberty to denunciation by those that support abortion rights.

The Jewish Coalition for Religious Liberty, for one, applauded the move.

“As an organization devoted to protecting people’s ability to follow the tenets of their faith without interference from the government, JCRL welcomes this nomination, and is confident that Judge Kavanaugh’s dedication to a consistent application of the original public meaning of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clauses will continue to secure this liberty for future generations,” said JCRL general counsel Howard Slugh.

“JCRL looks forward to seeing Justice Kavanaugh sitting on the bench in October,” he added.

The Republican Jewish Coalition echoed Slugh’s sentiment.

“Congratulations to Judge Brett Kavanaugh and his family,” the RJC posted on Twitter. “@POTUS made another great pick. We look forward to his confirmation!”

RJC director Norm Coleman, a former Minnesota senator, tweeted that the D.C. Circuit Court judge “possesses the requisite intellect & integrity that should easily insure his confirmation.”

On the opposite side of the spectrum, the Anti-Defamation League expressed opposition immediately following the announcement.

“We are concerned that Judge Kavanaugh’s judicial record does not reflect the demonstrated independence and commitment to fair treatment for all that is necessary to merit a seat on our nation’s highest court,” ADL CEO and national director Jonathan Greenblatt said in a statement.

“Because he has written and spoken prolifically on many issues of deep concern, we believe his positions merit close scrutiny,” added Greenblatt. “These include his demonstrated hostility to reproductive freedom, and his past support for greatly expanded and unchecked executive power.”

Stosh Cotler, CEO of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action, outright condemnedthe pick. “President Trump’s nominee for the Supreme Court, Brett Kavanaugh, is an affront to the values and priorities of a vast majority of the American Jewish community,” she said.

“From workers’ rights to civil rights, from reproductive rights to LGBTQ rights and immigrants’ rights, this nominee’s track record is hostile toward the issues our community has fought for over generations, and he has no business serving on the court,” added Cotler.

The National Council of Jewish Women mirrored Cotler’s reaction. “Kavanaugh … dissented from rulings upholding the Affordable Care Act and claims that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is unconstitutional,” said NCJW CEO Nancy Kaufman. “He routinely decides for the powerful against the powerless when safety, equality, consumer rights, the environment and workers protections are at stake.”

However, former Consumer Financial Protection Bureau attorney Ronald Rubin refuted Kaufman’s take on Kavanaugh and consumer protection.

“Judge Kavanaugh’s opinion that the CFPB’s structure is unconstitutional was not a decision ‘for the powerful against the powerless,’ or an attempt to weaken consumer rights,” Rubin told JNS. “He correctly concluded that the Constitution does not permit an agency with such far-reaching powers to be led by a single director who can’t be fired by the president, especially since Congress can’t cut the agency’s budget.”

Some agencies holding back for now

Meanwhile, groups like the American Jewish Committee have sought to express a more moderate view.

“While there is little doubt that Judge Kavanaugh has the technical qualifications to serve on the Supreme Court to fill the seat of retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy, that by no means alone qualifies the nominee,” AJC General Counsel Marc Stern said in a statement. “No less important is the nominee’s openness to arguments that challenge his own views and previously expressed beliefs, a robust commitment to protecting the liberties the Constitution guarantees and assuring all citizens the equal protection of the laws.”

As part of his statement, in which Stern remarked on AJC’s nonpartisan advocacy for the separation of church and state, religious liberty and other social issues, Stern said “the Senate should not confirm a nominee who comes to the bench with the intention of radically and systematically rewriting American constitutional law.”

When asked by JNS if AJC plans to take a side over the nomination, spokesperson Ken Bandler commented: “Our statement stands.”

Religious political groups, including the Orthodox Union and the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, have not issued statements regarding the nomination.

OU chairman Nathan Diament told JNS that his organization does not take a stance on Supreme Court nominees. Instead, it reviews their record on religious liberty, which he said is “a constitutional right fundamental to the Orthodox Jewish community’s being able to thrive in the United States as a minority faith in which we, therefore, have a unique stake.” Afterwards, he said, the OU may decide to write an assessment to the Senate Judiciary Committee.

The RAC told JNS it is remaining neutral at the moment.

Those in the field have a say

Finally, reactions have come from prominent individuals in the Jewish community.

“I was proud to have Judge Kavanaugh swear me in as Deputy Secretary,” Tevi Troy, who served in that role at the Department of Health and Human Services under President George W. Bush, told JNS. “And [I] am excited at the prospect of Justice Kavanaugh on the bench.”

Brooke Goldstein, an acclaimed human-rights lawyer, praised the nomination and slammed the extreme reaction from progressives.

“The nomination has become somewhat ‘controversial,’ and we see hysteria surrounding it because some want to see the judiciary legislate from the bench and implement significant changes they want to see in our society through the courts as opposed to the legislature,” Goldstein told JNS.

“Justice Kavanaugh doesn’t seem to be the man to do that,” she added. “At the same time, the idea that a Supreme Court with Justice Kavanaugh serving on it would purposefully choose a case to overrule Roe v. Wade, established legal precedent, is asinine.”

Yet Democratic strategist Mark Mellman expressed alarm over Kavanaugh. “Ask yourself how many of the public’s desires for a justice are going to be accommodated by President Trump’s selection of Brett Kavanaugh,” he wrote in The Hill.

Mellman concluded, “I fear, almost none.”

Religious Zionists are usually the last types of Israelis to visit Berlin, let alone live there. As staunch nationalists loyal to the Jewish homeland, they’re often less forgiving of Germany’s dark past than their secular counterparts, who made Berlin a leading European destination for tourism and immigration among Israelis.

But two young Israeli couples—Eliezer and Rotem Noy, and Netanel and Tehila Darmon—have not only unexpectedly settled in Germany’s capital as emissaries but have built their respective homes in Berlin, where Jews of all backgrounds can connect with their roots, and feel a sense of Israeli family and belonging.

“Both of us, ideologically, didn’t leave Israel before,” said 36-year-old Eliezer Noy, director of Morasha Germany, a national student organization that provides Jewish learning and social opportunities for Jewish students and young professionals throughout Germany.

Eliezer grew up in Ramat Gan and studied at the Atzmona pre-military academy in Gush Katif before Israel evacuated the Gaza settlement bloc in 2005. Eventually, he completed his MBA at Tel Aviv University and worked as an accountant at the prestigious KPMG firm. Rotem, 32, grew up in a religious Zionist family of German-Jewish descent near Petach Tikvah. With a master’s degree in history from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, she worked in an Israeli NGO fostering religious-secular dialogue.

At the time they received the offer to head up Morasha in Munich, they lived in the city of Lod, where as volunteers they organized communal Shabbat dinners for destitute and at-risk locals. At first they, rejected the German offer.

“We told them we have a pretty good life. Everything’s going well. We have successful careers. We felt good with ourselves, even ideologically. So give us a break,” Eliezer recalled at a Berlin cafe. He felt comfortable sporting his knitted kipah there, despite a spate of attacks against Jews in the city of late and a Jewish community advisory to avoid wearing skullcaps in public.

Across the street was the heavily guarded Orthodox Brunnenstrasse synagogue complex that also houses a nursery school and rabbinical seminary, which are enabled by the Ronald S. Lauder Foundation (as is Morasha).

But Morasha persisted.

“It wasn’t an easy decision to take,” said Rotem. She serves as director of BAYIT, a Morasha affiliate that offers intensive, long-term Jewish learning programs for international students. “It sounds very big, but I really felt this is what God wants us to do.”

After three years in Munich, they moved to the residential Berlin campus located in the upwardly mobile neighborhood of Prenzlauer Berg, and which includes their home, dorm apartments, a learning hall and an activity room where they also hold packed Shabbat and holiday communal meals. The Noys’ two children attend the Lauder Beth Zion Jewish day school nearby.

Prenzlauer Berg neighborhood of Berlin, Germany. Credit: Wikimedia Commons.

‘Turned on by the challenge’

Tehila and Netanel Darmon, both 26, were recruited last year by an Israeli businessman involved in Jewish outreach who sought to connect Israeli Berliners with their roots. Today, the couple directs Zusammen (“together” in German), which provides social and cultural activities in Hebrew.

The Darmons had built a track record of Jewish social entrepreneurship in Goa, India, where they set up an “open house.” There, they served Israeli travelers who often came to them for Shabbat meals and, sometimes, for respite and rescue from at-risk behavior common to Goa partiers.

Netanel grew up in a Yishuv Ma’on in the Hebron Hills; Tehila in Beit Shemesh. Their last address before moving to Berlin was Bat Ayin, known as a hippy-ish community in Gush Etzion near Jerusalem.

“We knew there were many Israelis [in Berlin], but when we heard ‘Berlin,’ we thought: ‘What? Berlin? No!’ I immediately thought something very dark and unpleasant,” Tehila recalled from their apartment located a few blocks away from the Morasha campus. Zusammen and Morasha are separate organizations, but they sometimes assist each other.

Tehila usually sports a colorful, turban-like head-covering while Netanel wears a hat in lieu of a kipah, hiding long, red tendrils.

Although the Darmons’ prejudices against Berlin were not assuaged during a pilot trip, a sense of mission seized them.

“Most of the Israelis who moved to Berlin are disappointed with the country and politics, and they might have resistance to Judaism and religious Israelis,” explained Tehila. “We were turned on by the challenge.”

Germany’s Jewish population is an estimated 200,000. The crux of its Jewish community consists of Jews from the former Soviet Union who were invited to Germany in the 1990s. Most lost their connection to Judaism under communism. While the Noys naturally serve Israelis, their main activities are geared towards Jewish internationals or German Jews. Among the estimated 100,000 Jews living in Berlin, some 20,000 are believed to be Israeli.

Under the Noys’ leadership, Morasha’s staff went from two employees to six, in addition to 80 volunteers. Their activities include Shabbatons, extensive learning programs and “belated” bar and bat mitzvahs for Jews who discovered Judaism later in life. After eight months, Zusammen has outgrown the Darmons’ apartment. They are currently seeking a larger campus, proving initial skeptics wrong. They introduced Zusammen on an “Israelis in Berlin” Facebook page.

“We came with good intentions, saying ‘hello,’ inviting them to Rosh Hashanah,” said Tehila. “Really simple. We said we’re not trying to make anyone religious. We want to connect hearts, to encourage Israeli culture and creativity. People immediately went to my profile—we didn’t have a Facebook page—and they told us: ‘Go away from here.’ ‘We left Israel because of you.’ ‘Don’t make us religious.’ ‘You’re settlers.’ ‘What are your views?’ ‘Will you go back to the shtachim [territories] after Berlin?’ ‘Can I come with Arab friends?’”

Ultimately, Israelis who at least on the surface appear as if they would shun a traditional Shabbat meal—with their tattoos, alternative lifestyles, left-wing politics, and non-Jewish partners—have become Zusammen regulars.

The success of both couples can be attributed to their personal warmth, openness, non-judgmental attitudes—and, of course, home-cooked Shabbat and holiday meals. The respective wives take great pains to chop the array of hallmark Israeli salads with the help of volunteers. They serve meals on proper dishware, rather than paper or plastic to create a homey atmosphere, appealing as well to the vegan-friendly, environmentally conscious vibe of Berlin. Their respective multilingual children (the Darmons have three) wander about and chatter with the guests.

Eliezer and Rotem Noy. Credit: Courtesy.

‘The feeling of family’

Idan Chabasov, a 32-year-old gay, Israeli, high-tech professional living in Berlin for the past four years, attends the Noys’ Shabbat dinner twice a month.

“They give me the feeling of family,” he said. “I know I could talk with them about everything and they really care … they really appreciate your presence.”

Karen Golub, a high-tech professional who traded Tel Aviv for Berlin last year, sought an Israeli communal outlet to ease some loneliness and cultural alienation she felt in Germany.

“I missed the way Israelis speak to each other—the way we get mad all the time and it’s not a big deal, the way almost everything isn’t a big deal,” she said. “When Zusammen found me, and I walked into that room with 30 people going ‘Shalom, Keren!’ it felt like a physical relief.”

The Noy and Darmon families have also softened to Berlin.

“I still think Israel is the place where Jews need to be, but I also learned from people who live here,” Rotem said. “I find their journey to be Jewish very inspiring.”

Rotem lives not far from the former residence of grandparents who fled Germany in the 1930s. And while she’s eligible for German citizenship, which comes with a host of economic and social benefits, she’s not looking to redeem it any time soon.

“I don’t think they [my ancestors] are happy I’m in Germany, but I think and hope they’re proud of what we’re doing and think it’s an important thing. I hope they’re proud of us.”